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1950 — Present

The History of AI

From Alan Turing's imitation game to autonomous AI agents, every breakthrough, winter, and paradigm shift that shaped artificial intelligence.

ERA
Foundation
Expert Systems
ML Revival
Deep Learning
Transformer Era
LLM Era
TYPE
Research
Hardware
Model
Product
Policy

Foundation

1950–1979

Expert Systems

1980–1993

ML Revival

1994–2011

Deep Learning

2012–2016

Transformer Era

2017–2021

LLM Era

2022–present

❄ 1st AI Winter

1969–1980

❄ 2nd AI Winter

1987–1993

Turing's Imitation Game
1950
Dartmouth Conference — AI Born
1956
Perceptron Invented
1958
ELIZA — First Chatbot
1966
First AI Winter Begins
1969
Expert Systems Boom
1980
Backpropagation Popularized
1986
Second AI Winter
1987
Deep Blue Defeats Kasparov
1997
LeNet-5 — CNNs for Vision
1998
Deep Learning Revival
2006
ImageNet Launched
2009
IBM Watson Wins Jeopardy!
2011
Siri — AI Goes Mainstream
2011
AlexNet — Deep Learning Explosion
2012
GANs Introduced
2014
DeepMind Acquired by Google
2014
TensorFlow Open-Sourced
2015
AlphaGo Defeats Lee Sedol
2016
"Attention Is All You Need"
2017
GPT-1 & BERT Released
2018
GPT-2 "Too Dangerous to Release"
2019
GPT-3 — Scale Changes Everything
2020
GitHub Copilot & DALL-E 1
2021
AlphaFold 2 Solves Protein Folding
2021
ChatGPT Launches
2022
Stable Diffusion & Image Generation Boom
2022
GPT-4, Claude, Llama & the Multi-Model World
2023
EU AI Act — First Major AI Regulation
2023
Sora, GPT-4o & Reasoning Models
2024
Claude 4, GPT-5 & Agentic AI
2025
Autonomous AI Agents Go Mainstream
2026
Click any dot or title to explore an event
LEGEND
Research
Hardware
Model
Product
Policy
notable
major
milestone
= milestone